A Plan Of Investigation Of The Franklin D. Roosevelt...

Part A: Plan of Investigation How prevalent was anti-Semitism in the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration? The discussion of this question focuses on the Roosevelt presidency from 1933 to 1940. At this time, the United States was in a state of economic collapse, which provided an ideal environment for the harboring of prejudicial sentiment. In addition, Germany was undergoing a state-run anti-Semitic campaign that made living in Germany increasingly dangerous for German Jews. This essay specifically focuses on actions (or lack thereof) taken by Roosevelt in matters pertaining to the Jewish community, as well as his personal sentiments towards Jews. This question will be explored by utilizing firsthand accounts such as Vice President Henry†¦show more content†¦Roosevelt did not even grace their pleas with an answer. After attempting and failing to enter Cuba as a last resort, the St. Louis was eventually forced to return to Europe. During the 1930s, when Jews were emigrating from Germany en-masse, many attempted to immigrate to the United States only to be met with various difficulties and often-insurmountable obstacles. The U.S. government established a yearly quota of just under 26,000 for Jewish immigrants, which was never met in all its years of use. One reason for this is that several unrealistic and sometimes unachievable qualifications needed to be met to be viable for admission into the United States. One such qualification is that no family member must be left behind, out of fear that the German government would utilize the Jewish immigrant’s family members as extortion, and force the immigrants to spy for Germany. Another obstacle to Jewish immigration was the requirement of several sponsors to apply for entry. The oppressive conditions for Jews in Germany often made it very difficult to acquire sponsors, and meeting this requirement would only assure them a position on a waiting list of th ousands of potential immigrants. This grueling and bureaucratic process was a result of Roosevelt’s compliance with prevalent anti-Semitism in the public, and his fear of critique by anti-Semites. This idea is further reinforced by the fact that Roosevelt never took an official

Impact Of Advertising On The Uk - 968 Words

Introduction Advertising is the activity or profession of producing advertisements for commercial products or services. It is many things, for some people it is a job, for others it is a nuisance and for many it is a necessity. Throughout the years advertising has been forced to change greatly to keep up with the many different trends in our past and present, and it will continue to change as new trends come into the future. There are now many more ways to advertise products other than just on the Television, you can now advertise through online videos and on demand players, but this wasn’t always the case. Past Early adverts were rather different from those people are familiar with today. They are much longer than today s adverts, and their message was spelt out with agonising slowness, this reflected the pace of television at the time (A short history of British television advertising). The first advertisement in the UK was on the 22nd of September 1955 it was an advert for Gibbs S.R Toothpaste and it ran on ITV. This was a huge thing to happen in broadcasting and it meant that ITV had monopoly on the other channels, and because of this on the same evening the BBC had their first character killed off on one of their long running radio soaps called â€Å"The Archers† this was to keep up with the competition and it meant they stole the next day’s newspaper headlines. After this advert there began a huge debate about advertising and a labour MP said it was â€Å"disgraceful becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Business Objectives that Are Used in HP and Cancer Research1729 Words   |  7 PagesAdditionally HP also uses Market penetration as one of the Marketing techniques for growth strategies. If the customer may purchase the new software and if HP was producing new software for all computers and to be sold in the UK, HP’s market would only consist of peo ple in the UK. 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In world history, those who have helped to b Essay Example For Students

In world history, those who have helped to b Essay KKKKKKuild the same culture are not necessarily of one race, and those of the same race have not all participated in one culture. In scientific language, culture is not a function of race (Benedict). The sad fact is that many races are discriminated against. Discrimination is defined as the act of perceiving and making evident the distinctions between two different groups of people. There have been many groups that have been very discriminating, but the one that sticks out like a diamond in coal is the Ku Klux Klan. The original Ku Klux Klan was formed, in April 1866, as a social organization for ex-confederates in Pulaski, Tennessee. This was during the time after the civil war, known as the Reconstruction period (Benets). The name Ku Klux Klan came from the Greek word kuklos, meaning band or circle (Benets). The Ku Klux Klan spread very rapidly through the south and soon got the nickname of the Invisible Empire (Ingalls). The Ku Klux Klan has been referred to by many different terms such as The Klan or KKK. In 1867, Nathaniel Bedford Forrest, an ex-confederate cavalry leader, and many other ex-confederates held a meeting and converted the social group to a group that opposed the Republican State government (Trelease). Nathaniel Bedford and many common group members, Klansmen, formed this group for three reasons. They wanted to keep white supremacy evident, make sure the black community didnt revolt, and make sure the black community stayed in their place (Trelease). The Klansmen were from ever y economic social class, but the leaders would usually be from the elite Lepech 2professional class (Trelease). The Klan was and still is present in both America and Canada (Ingalls). The hierarchy of the KKK was set in the April 1867 meeting (Columbia). At this meeting, Nathaniel Bedford Forrest was made the Grand Wizard, which meant he was the leader of all of the clans (Columbia). A step lower than the Grand Wizard was the Grand Dragon (Columbia). A Grand Dragon and his Realm controlled each state (Columbia). The Realms were made up of eight Hydras, who acted as a staff to the Grand Dragon (Columbia). Below the Grand Dragon were the Grand Titans with their six Furies that controlled each county (Columbia). These rankings classified the duties of each one of the members. The Ku Klux Klan used fear as a major proponent in their tactics to oppress the black community. Klansmen would disguise themselves in robes, hold silent parades, make midnight rides on horses, and speak with mysterious language and commands (Columbia). The KKK Dressed in flowing sheets, their faces covered with white masks, and with skulls at their saddle horns, posed as spirits of the confederate dead returned from the battlefields (Columbia). To accelerate the fear in the eyes of the common people The Klan would hold lynchings and whippings (Columbia). The widespread fear allowed the KKK to gain political power even though they were veering away from their main idea of restricting the south from reconstruction. By doing many of these activities the KKK very effectively managed to keep blacks away from the voting booths. Many Klansmen were elected into office because the black community could not vote. Even though the white supremacists were in office,Lepech 3they did not do as much as they would have hoped. Officials did not accomplish the idea of minimizing black power and increasing white supremacy. The Ku Klux Klan power did diminish in 1870 and 1871, when congress passed the Force Bill (Columbia). This bill stated that one could not restrict anothers right to vote, which the KKK was doing. Another attempt to try to stop the KKK was the KKK acts of 1870 and 1871. After the KKK was proven to be violent, these laws that were formally passed disbanding the KKK in 1871 (Benets). Even though these bills and acts were passed, the KKK still survived. The Clansman, written by Thomas Dixon in 1905, and the motion picture Birth of a Nation, by D.W. Grifith in 1915, stimulated the birth of the second Ku Klux Klan (Trelease). The second KKK was founded by an ex-minister, William J. Simmons, who was an excellent promoter of group activity (Columbia). There were many similarities of this new movement to the original. The new KKK movement added anti-nativism, anti-Catholicism, and anti-Semitic views to the black hatred of the first group and also attacked the issues of birth control, Darwinis m, pacifism, and the repeal of prohibition (Benets; Columbia). It also drew members from all social classes but mainly the lower middle class (Trelease). Another common tribute between the original and second KKK was that they both spread very rapidly (Columbia). .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8 , .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8 .postImageUrl , .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8 , .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8:hover , .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8:visited , .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8:active { border:0!important; } .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8:active , .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8 .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2914a8db36b604d78d58a75ec23870f8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: That the house of parlies is dangerous EssayEven though the original Klan had similarities with the second, they also had some differences. The second KKK not only feared blacks but also feared the many immigrants entering the U.S. (Trelease). The Catholics and Jews that were rising in their economic social order made the KKK feel threatened and caused them to be very Lepech 4weary of the newcomers social position (Trelease). The second KKK burned crosses, which was unlike the original (Trelease). The burnt crosses were used to frighten as many people as possible even though the Ku Klux Klan believed they were very religious. This new Klan was mostly not violent, unlike Th e Klan before (Trelease). To make their mark on society, the KKK would parade in silent marches and wear KKK paraphernalia (Trelease). These events that were held more peacefully did more damage to the opposition than any other tactic the KKK used. The KKKs main objective was not for political control, but this idea came along because it was a peaceful and legal way to gain control. Texas, Oklahoma, Indiana, Oregon, and Maine all elected KKK members as state officials or congressmen (Columbia). The elected officials places were won many times because blacks were not allowed to vote (Columbia). These peaceful means of objection to the minorities worked well because this allowed them to attempt to achieve their goals legally. Over time, the KKK declined due to several reasons. Davis C. Stephen was convicted of the murder of a black man that created a declination of the KKK in the 1920s (Columbia). This event caused a decline in membership from 5 million to 30,000 by 1930 (Columbia). In 1923, there were less than half as many lynchings as in 1922. The comparison was from 61 lynchings in 1922 to 26 in 1923. Of the 26 victims in 1923, one was a colored women and two white men the other 23 victims were black males (KKK). Other reasons that the KKK declined in this time period was that the media looked down upon their events, and the interest of the Klan members themselves diminished (Benets). State laws also forbid the organization from being a secret society Lepech 5(Columbia). These state laws made it illegal to gather together secretly and to perform many of their actions. Even though this decline lowered the numbers, the leaders still made a big profit from the sale of KKK paraphernalia (Columbia). There was a another final attempt to reorganize the KKK by Dr. Samuel Green, but it failed (Columbia). The major stimulus of this new KKK movement was due to the many civil rights activities during the 1960s (Ingalls). Most of the members in the third KKK were white people from a very low social economic class (Benets). Even though this attempt failed, the KKK still continues. This modern Klan is very small and does not have many members (Trelease). Other parties that are similar to the KKK in todays life are the National States Rights Party, The Aryan Nations, and the Skinheads (Trelease). Although crimes and complications with the KKK are not common, some recent examples have occurred. One example occurred in 1991 when a black man was set on fire after being soaked in gasoline. This crime occurred in Hillsborough County, Florida (Hatred 22). Another incident involving the Ku Klux Klan happened in Jasper, Texas where many Ku Klux Klan members, wearing white robes and hoods, waved confederate flags. This situation was very controversial because Jasper, Texas was the town where a black man was dragged to his death behind a pickup truck by three white men. Klan leader Rick Anderson commented that, Jasper is part of the invisible empire. Make no mistake, this is Klan country, when he paraded in Jasper. Another Klansmen stated that the KKK was doing Jasper a favor by practicing freedom of speech (Blacks). This incident in Jasper shows how the Ku Klux Klan followed up on a murder and made more damage by parading around the town. .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4 , .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4 .postImageUrl , .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4 , .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4:hover , .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4:visited , .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4:active { border:0!important; } .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4:active , .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4 .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud4b950a4fb84d7e5412c37fc835f68a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bolivar EssayLepech 6The Ku Klux Klan, above any other group, is a very discriminating group. The KKK tries to spread hatred and prejudice. Now in the 20th century the truth came out and KKK power and membership has declined very rapidly in the recent years. In this next millennium it is most important to focus on peace and unity that was set as a standard at the end of the 20th century. Lepech 7Work CitedBlacks Face Off With Klan Marchers in Jasper, TX. Jet 13 July, 1998: 14-16. Hatred Turns Out Not To Be Color-Blind. The Week Society Multimedia Almanac. Minneapolis, The Learning Company, 1998 CD-ROM. Ingalls, Robert P. Ku Klux Klan. World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia. World Book, Inc., 1996. Ku Klux Klan. Benets Readers Encyclopedia of American Literature. 1st ed. New York: Harper Collins Pub., 1991. 574. Ku Klux Klan. The Columbia Encyclopedia. 5th ed. Philadelphia:Columbia University Press, 1993. 20869. The KKK. Times Magazine Multimedia Almanac. Minneapolis, The Learning Company, 1998 CD-ROM. Trelease, Allen W. Ku Klux Klan. The Readers Companion to American History, 1991 ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1991. 625. Category: History

Using technology in classrooms

Introduction Numerous schools across the country are investing massive sums of money in technology in order to improve learning. While a few institutions have benefited from these programs, research shows that several have not. Technology use in classes also impedes other programs and reduces learning outcomes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Using technology in classrooms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The evidence In certain scenarios, technology use in the classroom is counterproductive. The National Assessment of Educational Progress found that students who spent too much of their time on technological tools, such as computers, performed worse than those who did not. Although school administrators mean well by introducing technologies in their institutions, these tools can cause adverse distractions in the student body. In fact, such distractions should provide enough evidence for school administrators to r emove them from their institution. When computers are present in a classroom, it causes teachers to compete with them. Unlike other learning tools (textbooks, whiteboards etc) that are exclusively used for learning purposes, computers have so many non-academic uses. Children are bound to abuse these advantages and thus perform poorly. Some schools provide their students with computer games, tutorials and simulations in order to boost their writing skills. Kulik (34) found that their writing skills got worse after participating in computer enrichment program; their performance decreased by -0.14. Richtel (A1) explains that technology can be detrimental to student’s learning owing to its effect on the financial costs of a school. He explains that many schools are blindly investing in technology without asking for proof that it works. Since technology requires a lot of revenues, these schools have had to cut back on their expenditures in other traditional classes such as physica l education, music or art. As much as technological skills are important in children’s adult lives, their need to develop skills in physical education or art is just as important too. It is especially relevant to those children with talents in such areas. Technology use in classrooms is placing unnecessary financial pressure on schools with smaller budgets thus eating up on other vital knowledge areas. Sometimes technology use in classrooms does not affect children’s performance either negatively or positively. One should note that neutral effects on learning are just as bad as negative effects because schools are not realizing their returns on investment. It is pointless to spend massive amounts of revenue on a tool that causes no improvement.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kulik (13) investigated the effect on instructional technology in secondary and elementary schoo ls and found no significant changes. His analysis was based on secondary literature from over 15 national studies. The author found that reading scores among children who received their instructions through technology improved by very small quantities. Furthermore, because the results were divergent among various researches, then it is not possible to make a firm conclusion on the subject. The results of technology enhanced learning among special groups are not that promising, as well. Muir Herzig (120) did a study of the effect of technology on children who are at risk. She defined at-risk children as those whose education might be endangered owing to their health, social, family or economic environments. Usually, such children will report high rates of absenteeism and low grades. Some schools with high proportions of at-risk students have introduced technology as a method of coping with these challenges, but have found minimal results. The researcher cited teacher-related deficien cies and administrational inadequacies as some of the reasons behind the poor results. All these findings indicate that no conclusive proof exists to support the use of technology. The earliest proponents of technology use in the classroom came from the Clinton administration in 1995. They believed that technology would increase the US’s competiveness in the global arena. However, the group stressed that massive adoption should only commence when the education system has tangible proof that the technologies work. This proof should come from nation-wide trials that have lasted for years on end. However, because technology applications are so different and they keep changing rapidly, then it is difficult to carry out such a trial. In essence, users of technology may have to embrace the technology without certainty about the potential effects (Richtel A1). It is simply pointless to make such a large investment without having sufficient evidence that the approach works.Advertisin g We will write a custom essay sample on Using technology in classrooms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The inherent nature of technology has a large role to play in determining these negative outcomes. Technologies keep changing so quickly; therefore, training programs must become a routine activity in the school environment, yet this is not always tenable. Furthermore, these changes in technology also correspond to changes in the students’ learning styles. Teachers must merge these new learning styles to their teaching approach, yet that is not always possible. Technology use requires coordinators that can facilitate these transitions and teachers who are willing to make changes constantly; this may be a difficult ask for most instructors. Additionally, the costs of changing these pieces of technology may also impede some schools. It is always necessary to upgrade hardware and software in the school environment (Muir He rzig 122). However, funding issues may minimize these upgrades thus making it difficult for teachers to merge new software with the old computers that they have. Counterevidence A number of proponents believe that schools should give technology a second thought because it prepares students for the outside world. They claim that it teaches them the necessary skills to compete in the corporate arena. However, these proponents are assuming that the goal of technology is only long term. If a teacher’s goal is to improve performance today, then he or she would not gain from the use of technology. Furthermore, when teachers do not give students short term goals to aspire to, then their performance starts to dwindle. It is quite difficult to erasure higher order thinking or problem solving skills without the use of tests, yet this is what proponents of technology use are advocating for in their institutions. Even if one assumes that technology leads to development of certain learnin g skills, one must realize that it also destroys others. Language skills and interpersonal skills are just as important as problem-solving skills, especially among young children. However, the introduction of technology in classes reduces the amount of time that students have to interact with one another and thus develop the necessary team-working or language skills needed to survive in the workplace too.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some proponents argue that research has shown some positive improvements; even though these findings are small, they still represent a positive correlation. However, analysts have realized that sometimes the positive results may come from external factors such as parental involvement. When schools decide to incorporate some of these technologies in teaching, they often expect parents to make contributions to the purchases. As a result, most parents will become keen on their children’s performance, which will make their results improve. Additionally, one will find that schools with high levels of investment in technology often train their teachers very frequently. Increases in test scores may actually be brought on by the improved teaching training rather than the technologies. Baylor and Ritchie (12) found that for technology to work well in the classroom, it must be complemented by a series of other activities. Teachers need to have a plan for the technology, which must cons ist of the vision and philosophy that will determine the use of that technology. One must also name all the stakeholders involved as well as the configuration, time plan and funding components of the technology. Furthermore, teachers require technology role models from their administrations, such as school principles, in order to provide leadership. Curriculum alignment is also another vital contributor to the success of technology. Teachers need to be exposed to the technology for a long period of time before they can claim to have mastered it. Educators also need to make decisions on how best to use the technologies once they have been introduced to that setting (Evans-Andris 27). All these prerequisites may present serious problems in realization of tangible results. First, educators may find it difficult to estimate aspects of the technology plan such as funding or configuration. It is difficult to find technology models in schools, and curriculum alignment is always problematic ; many teachers cannot maintain the same pace as the changes in technology. Lastly, differentials exist on the best way to utilize technology. Conclusion Research on the effect of technology in classrooms is inconclusive as some studies show only slight improvements while most reveal no change or reduced performance. It would not make sense to invest in a program that has not been validated. Furthermore, most positive results emanate from teacher training and parental support rather than the actual technological tool. Works Cited Baylor, Amy Donn Ritchie. â€Å"What factors facilitate teacher skill, teacher morale, and perceived student leanring technology-using classrooms?† Computers and Education. 4(2002): 1-20. Web. Evans-Andris, Micheal. â€Å"An examination of computing styles among teachers in elementary schools.† Educational Technology Research and Development, 4.2(1995): 15-30. Print. Kulik, James. Effects of using instructional technology in elementary and se condary schools: What controlled evaluation studies say. SRI International no. P10446. Arlington, VA, 2003 Muir-Herzig, Rozalind. â€Å"Technology and its impact in the classroom.† Computers and Education 42(2004): 111-131. Web. Richtel, Matt.†In classroom of future, stagnant scores.† New York Times, 4 September 2011: A1. Print. This essay on Using technology in classrooms was written and submitted by user Kamden Sullivan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Only Place

The Only Place The Only Place The Only Place By Mark Nichol In spoken English, even the most careful speaker may casually misplace the modifier only in a sentence, as in â€Å"The meeting will only be held if the ordinance passes.† The intended meaning here is that whether the ordinance passes determines whether the meeting is to be held. Literally, however, the sentence indicates that the holding is the only action that will pertain to the meeting if the ordinance passes. (The meeting will not be recorded or reported on, for example, but if the ordinance fails, perhaps these and other things will occur in relation to the meeting.) As the parenthesized sentence before this one demonstrates, the meaning is changed depending the positioning of only: In the original sentence, the meeting is not conditional on the passage of the ordinance, though that is exactly what the speaker or writer means. Therefore, to accurately convey the meaning of the sentence, the word only should appear immediately after the word, phrase, or clause it modifies. Because a speaker can provide stress to the sentence, a listener is unlikely to misunderstand it, but a writer has no such advantage. Ambiguity is not inevitable when misplacing the modifier in written expression, but the careful writer makes the effort to produce a sentence that is syntactically sound. Here is another sentence best expressed with only positioned correctly: â€Å"Are we certain that participants only reside in those neighborhoods?† The significant point appears to be that the participants reside in those places but do not have any other connection to them. The intended meaning, however, is that the â€Å"we† are uncertain whether the participants live only in the specified locations and not in other places. This meaning is best conveyed by writing, â€Å"Are we certain participants reside only in those neighborhoods?† Note the difference in meaning when inserting the modifier only in various positions in the sentence â€Å"Smith said he could only confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody.† 1. Only Smith said he could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (No one else made the claim that Smith could confirm the information.) 2. Smith only said he could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (Smith didn’t say anything else.) 3. Smith said only he could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (According to Smith, he is the only one who could confirm the information.) 4. Smith said he only could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (Smith could not do anything else but potentially confirm the information.) 5. Smith said he could only confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (Smith could confirm the information but do nothing else about or to it.) 6. Smith said he could confirm only that nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (Smith could confirm nothing else but the information he provided.) 7. Smith said he could confirm that only nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (Smith was able to specify that nine demonstrators, not another quantity, were arrested, with the implication that other demonstrators were not arrested.) 8. Smith said he could confirm that nine only demonstrators were taken into custody. (This sentence seems to indicate, albeit ungrammatically, that the people arrested were only demonstrators and had no other occupation or pastime.) 9. Smith said he could confirm that nine demonstrators only were taken into custody. (The number of demonstrators arrested was only nine; unlike version number 7, this sentence does not necessarily imply additional demonstrators.) 10. Smith said he could confirm that nine demonstrators were only taken into custody. (The demonstrators were taken into custody, but nothing else pertaining to custody occurred to them.) 11. Smith said he could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken only into custody. (The demonstrators were not taken anywhere except into custody.) 12. Smith said he could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into only custody. (The demonstrators were taken into a type of custody known as â€Å"only custody†; like version number 8, this sentence is not grammatically correct.) 13. Smith said he could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody only. (Nothing else was done to the demonstrators besides taking them into custody.) The usual placement error for this type of sentence is â€Å"Smith said he could only confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody,† where only erroneously precedes the pertinent verb, suggesting that confirmation is all that could be done. However, the point that the stated item of information, and only that item, could be confirmed is correctly stated thus: â€Å"Smith said he could confirm only that nine demonstrators were taken into custody.† (Therefore, version 6 above is the only version suitable to express the intended meaning.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?20 Words Meaning "Being or Existing in the Past"Adverbs and Hyphens

Baroque and Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Baroque and Architecture - Essay Example Wren’s first baroque design for this cathedral was rejected and considered as not practical and too foreign. The crowning dome was taken from that design and since three centuries the dome of the cathedral has been a major attraction in the city. The dome was designed by Wren not only to express the foreign architecture influence on his work but also to uncover the love he had for mathematics. Wren is known as the best architecture for his designs of buildings. He was also known as a leading mathematician and through his combination, he mastered in the shapes and arches of domes. He applied several theories through which he created historic monuments and recorded history’s best used mathematical sciences in architecture. The St Paul’s cathedral was known as the world’s first cathedral with a triple-dome. It was also the first cathedral which was completed in the lifetime of the architect. Wren had designed the cathedral so originally and furnished it with true British furniture that it was hard to believe how easily he did it. He adopted the characteristics of the baroque architecture which consisted of repeated styles and techniques used in buildings and structures. He was an aesthete and the love for art led him to design beautiful churches. As he was also an engineer, he designed and built structures that were acoustically pleasing. St Paul’s Cathedral marked the beginning of the shaky baroque architecture in England. This architecture was further elaborated in the 18th century.

U.S. Intervention in Panama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. Intervention in Panama - Essay Example This of course is a tapestry of stories that was later on exposed, together with the hubris of a presidency that did not want to be humiliated. Manuel Noriega swiftly came to power after a series of effective endeavors that included among other things being a confidant of no less than the United States government. He had strong ties with the government by proving himself a worthy ally and asset during the tension between the US and the then equally powerful USSR. Throughout the feud, Noriega became a trusted source that his link to the country was directly through the Central Intelligence Agency that was headed by George H. W. Bush himself. Noriega came to power with his strong U.S. support after the death of Omar Torrijos which was just in time after he no longer has the superpower’s favour. Manuel Noriega remained included in the payroll of the agency and this very influence has led him to amass the confidence of many important people that apparently included drug dealers in lieu of their exportation transactions. He â€Å"was seen as a valuable "asset," as a ruthless man whose loyalty could be bought, who would do whatever was needed to serve U.S. interests† (Revcom.us). ... The Panama Canal serves as the gateway to a greater presence in South America and directly to Asia. Originally under the control of Colombia, the United States grabbed control in the early 1900s and established bases in it. After the Second World War the SOUTHCOM, responsible for intelligence and other schemes, created its epicenter there. Led by the tyrannical government of Noriega the suffering of the people Panama and especially of American residents was used to justify the need for his deposition. Among other things, â€Å"He was involved in drug trafficking, arms smuggling, money laundering, and the ruthless oppression of his people. He also systematically violated the American-Panamanian Canal treaties and harassed U.S. forces and institutions in Panama† (Gilboa, p.539). The media played an important role in the execution of Operation Just Cause as utilized advantageously by the Bush government and it was the same venue that candidly exposed the controversies of the issu e. It is by the very image of the president as a ‘wimp’ because of his inability to deal with the Panamanian dictator despite serious allegations of drug trafficking and other oppressions that further agitated George H.W. Bush’s presidency. The final thread that validated the Panama invasion and its popular acceptance was the death of a Marine Lieutenant which was depicted as a definitive demonstration of unprovoked oppression. But this claim was soon probed by the media such as the Los Angeles Times that exposed that the marine actually belonged to a rogue group whose primary function was to rouse trouble that will ultimately provoke the PDF. This group, called ‘Hard Chargers,’ systematically engaged in acts and stratagems that will agitate the Panama